I would also like to thank Dr Robert Tombs of St John's College, Cambridge and Dr Geoffrey Ellis of Hertford College, Oxford for their trenchant and constructive criticism. Blanning of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge who gave all (and more) that one could ask of a supervisor. Of the many people who have given me advice in the research and writing of this monograph, I would like particularly to thank Professor David Higgs of the University of Toronto who originally suggested the topic to me, Frederic Bluche, docteur d'Etat de VUniversite de Paris 17, who helped me with my research in Paris, and Dr T. Occupational groups of Vitre federes Occupational groups of central committee men Occupational groups of intermediary committee men Occupational groups (Rennes federation) Occupational groups revised (Rennes federation) Jacobin occupational groups (Rennes) Occupational groups (Dijon federation) Di j on federe taxpayers Occupational groups revised (Dijon federation) Dijon federe age groups Occupational groups (Paris federes-tirailleurs) Paris federes-tirailleurs age groups Federes-tirailleurs recruitment by arrondissement List of tables Acknowledgments List of abbreviationsġ Origins and development of the federative movementĢ Organisation and official role of the federationsģ The federative movement in general: social and political characteristicsĤ The federes of Rennes during the Hundred Daysĥ The federes of Rennes during the Second RestorationĦ The federes of Dijon during the Hundred Daysħ The federes of Dijon during the Second RestorationĨ The federes of Paris during the Hundred Daysĩ The federes of Paris after the Hundred Daysġ0 The fate of the federes - White Terrorġ1 Federes and opposition to the Bourbon Monarchy during the Second Restoration Etienne Cabet, Revolution de 1830 et situation presente (Paris, 1833) Ramenes par l'etranger sur les cadavres de Waterloo, les Bourbons deviennent plus encore un object d'horreur pour l'armee, les federes, le peuple, les patriotes et les bonapartistes. Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821 - Elba and the Hundred Days, 1814-1815.1. France - History - Consulate and Empire, 1789-1815. Title 944.05 Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Alexander, R.S., 1954Bonapartism and revolutionary tradition in France: the federes of 1815/R.S.Alexander. Bonapartism and revolutionary tradition in France 1. Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol British Library cataloguing in publication data Alexander, R. Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia ©Cambridge University Press 1991 First published 1991 Printed in Great Britain by J. ![]() The University has printed and published continuously since 1584.ĬAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge New York Port Chester Melbourne Sydney The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner of books was granted by Henry VIII in 1534. The federes were thus central to the principal dilemma of the Restoration - the refusal to compromise between ancien regime and revolutionary France.īonapartism and revolutionary tradition in Franceīonapartism and revolutionary tradition in France The federes of 1815 R. ![]() They remained at the forefront of opposition from 1815 to 1830, and were a consistent obstacle to reconciliation between the Crown and the interests spawned by the Revolution. However, far from intimidating or isolating them, the White Terror made federes yet more intransigent in their hostility to the Bourbon monarchy. The federes played a prominent role in the suppression of royalist sedition during the Hundred Days, and thus became prime targets for subsequent repression. Discussion of relations between the Imperial government and the federes explains why Bonaparte encouraged this development, despite his realisation that old Jacobins dominated the associations of 1815. Analysis of federe literature and symbolism reveals the common ground of ideology and self-interest that enabled these diverse groups to unite in opposition to Bourbon rule, and thereby reverse the process of fragmentation that had beset the Revolutionary movement since 1789. In tracing federe backgrounds, the author demonstrates that the federations were politically and socially heterogeneous - composed of old revolutionaries, Bonapartists and future liberals, and drawn from both the lower and middle classes. ![]() Organisation and activities of the federes^ the massive para-military political associations that supported Napoleon during the Hundred Days. Bonapartism and revolutionary tradition in France is a study of the personnel,
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